health, fitness & training
Physical Fitness
The concept of physical fitness dominates much of current thinking and research in the field of physical education. Two fundamental questions, which have yet to be answered satisfactorily, are: (1) is there such a thing as physical fitness in general, or only fitness for particular activities and (2) is it possible to measure physical fitness by arty single test or combination of tests?
Fitness is a relative term. An individual is considered to be fit for a particular task or activity when he can accomplish it with a reasonable degree of efficiency, without undue fatigue and with rapid recovery from the effects of the exertion. From this statement it may be observed that a degree of fitness is implied. It is impossible to make an absolute division of individuals into the fit and the unfit. There is a continuous gradation from the most 'fit at one extreme to the least fit at the other extreme.
Application of Muscular Force
Two factors influence the amount of power which a muscle can supply to its lever: (1) variation in the strength of the pull resulting from different degrees of stretch of the working muscles and (2)the mechanical advantage of the lever.
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Clinical Examination
Clinical methods are useful for screening the unfit, but clinical methods do not differentiate among those who are fit. The patient in a clinical examination is at rest and in a situation dissimilar to the one in which he normally acts.
Muscular Form
Muscular form is changed if the training is begun at an early age. The skeleton of the youth is also affected by training so that running may actually produce a "runner type."
Quality of Champions
Trained runners differ from untrained runners in that the thigh is brought forward with greater speed and the stride is shout 7 to 8 inches longer. Greater leg speed in trained runners is attained through improved coordination of antagonistic and synergic muscles and more intense muscular contractions.
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Physiological Elements of Fitness / Beauty
The exercises employed in physical fitness tests place the systems of the body (particularly the cardiovascular system) under stress. Running on a treadmill, pedalling a stationary bicycle and stepping up onto a stool are frequently used because they involve large muscle groups in fairly heavy work but do not demand unusual skills.
The Step Test
The test is useful for selecting men for hard work, for evaluating the progress of physical training, and for determining the adequacy of diets.
The Effects of Training on the Physiological Systems
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Physical Condition of Muscle
The physical condition of a muscle is determined by its freedom from fatigue, its temperature, its stores of energy foodstuffs, its state of training and its ability to recover from bouts of work. Fatigue reduces the excitability, power and extent of contraction of muscle.
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